Dr. Scott Sandford's Publications
"The photostability of amino acids in space" P. Ehrenfreund, Bernstein, M.P., J. P. Dworkin, S. A. Sandford, L. J. Allamandola. Submitted to: The Astrophysical Journal, Abstract.
"The Abundances of Solid N2 and Gaseous CO2 in Interstellar Dense Molecular Clouds" Sandford, S. A., M.P. Bernstein, L. J. Allamandola, D. Goorvich and T. C. V. S. Teixeira (Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Arhus, Denmark) In Press at The Astrophysical Journal, Abstract.
"Ultraviolet irradiation of naphthalene in H2O ice: Implications for meteorites and biogenesis" Bernstein, M.P., J. P. Dworkin, S. A. Sandford, L. J. Allamandola In Press at Meteoritics and Planetary Science. Abstract.
"C, H, O, & N Isotopic Studies of the 4.619 micron "XCN" Feature Produced by UV Photolysis." M. P. Bernstein, S. A. Sandford, and L. J. Allamandola. The Astrophysical Journal, 542: 894-897, (2000). Abstract.
"Molecules From Space and the Origins of Life" M. P. Bernstein, S. A. Sandford, L. J. Allamandola. This was the cover story of the July issue (1999) of Scientific American.
"Variations in the Strength of the Infrared Forbidden 2328.2 cm-1 Fundamental of Solid N2 in Binary Mixtures." M. P. Bernstein and and S. A. Sandford. Spectrochimica Acta, Part A, Molecular Spectroscopy. 55 (1999) 2455-2466. Abstract.
Bernstein, M. P., Sandford, S. A. , Allamandola, L. J., Gillette, J. S., Clemett, S. J., & Zare, R. N. (1999). UV Irradiation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ices: Production of Alcohols, Quinones, and Ethers. Science 283, 1135-1138.
Allamandola. L. J., Hudgins, D. M., & Sandford, S. A. (1999). Modeling the Unidentified Infrared Emission with Combinations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Astrophys. J. (Letters) 511, L115-L119.
Sandford, S. A. (1998). Organic Chemistry: From the Interstellar Medium to the Solar System. In ORIGINS, Astron. Soc. Pacific Conf. Series, Vol. 148, Proceedings of the International Conference, Estes Park, Colorado, 19-23 May, 1997, C. E. Woodward, J. M. Shull, & H. A. Thronson, Jr. (eds.), (ASP: San Francisco), pp. 392-414.
Sandford, S. A. (1998). Meteorites on Ice: Collecting Primitive Solar System Materials in Antarctica. In Astrophysics from Antarctica, Astron. Soc. Pacific Conf. Series, Vol. 141, Proceedings of the ASP Summer Sci. Symp. Conf., Chicago, Illinois, 30 June - 2 July, 1997, G. Novak and R. H. Landsberg (eds.), (ASP: San Francisco), pp. 265-282.
Lacy, J. H., Faraji, H., Sandford, S. A., & Allamandola, L. J. (1998). Unraveling the 10 µm 'Silicate' Feature of Protostars: The Detection of Frozen Interstellar Ammonia. Astrophys. J. (Letters) 501, L105-L109.
Langhoff, S. R., Bauschlicher, Jr., C. W., Hudgins, D. M., Sandford, S. A., & Allamandola, L. J. (1998). Infrared spectra of substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Phys. Chem. A 102, 1632-1646.
Hudgins, D. M., & Sandford, S. A. (1998a). Infrared Spectroscopy of Matrix-Isolated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1. PAHs Containing 2 to 4 Rings. J. Phys. Chem. 102, 329-343.
Hudgins, D. M., & Sandford, S. A. (1998b). Infrared Spectroscopy of Matrix-Isolated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2. PAHs Containing 5 or More Rings. J. Phys. Chem. 102, 344-352.
Hudgins, D. M., & Sandford, S. A. (1998c). Infrared Spectroscopy of Matrix-Isolated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 3. Fluoranthene and the Benzofluoranthenes. J. Phys. Chem. 102, 353-360.
Sandford, S. A., Allamandola, L. J., & Bernstein, M. P. (1997). The Composition and Ultraviolet and Thermal Processing of Interstellar Ices. In From Star Dust to Planetesimals, Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Ser., Vol. 122, Y. J. Pendleton & A. G. G. M. Tielens (eds.), (ASP: San Francisco), pp. 201-213.
Bernstein, M. P., Allamandola, L. J., & Sandford, S. A. (1997). Complex Organics in Laboratory Simulations of Interstellar/Cometary Ices. In Complex Organics in Space, 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly, July 1996, Birmingham, UK, Advances in Space Research 19, #7, 991-998.
Hudgins, D. M., Allamandola, L. J., & Sandford, S. A. (1997). Complex Organic Molecules in Space: The Carriers of the Interstellar Infrared Emission Features. In Complex Organics in Space, 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly, July 1996, Birmingham, UK, Advances in Space Research 19, #7, 999-1008.
Bauschlicher, Jr., C. W., Langhoff, S. R., Sandford, S. A., & Hudgins, D. M. (1997). Infrared Spectra of Perdeuterated Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Chrysene, and Pyrene. J. Phys. Chem. A 101, #13, 2414-2422.
Elsila, J., Allamandola, L. J., and Sandford, S. A. (1997). The 2140 cm-1 (4.673 µm) Solid CO Band: The Case for Interstellar O2 and N2 and the Photochemistry of Non-Polar Interstellar Ice Analogs. Astrophys. J. 479, 818-838.
Bernstein, M. P., Sandford, S. A., & Allamandola, L. J. (1997). The Infrared Spectra of Nitriles and Related Compounds Frozen in Ar and H2O. Astrophys. J. 476, 932-942.
Allamandola, L. J., Bernstein, M. P., & Sandford, S. A. (1997). Photochemical evolution of interstellar/precometary organic material. In Astronomical and Biochemical Origins and the Search for Life in the Universe, C.B. Cosmovici, S. Bowyer, & D. Werthimer (eds.), Proc. 5th International Conf. on Bioastronomy, IAU Coll. #161, Capri, 1-5 July 1996, (Editrice Compositori: Bologna), pp. 23-47.
Roelfsema, P. R., Cox, P., Tielens, A. G. G. M., Allamandola, L. J., Baluteau, J.-P., Barlow, M., Beintema, D., Boxhoorn, D., Cassinelli, J. P., Caux, E., Churchwell, E., Clegg, P. E., de Graauw, T., Heras, A. M., Huygen, R., van der Hucht, K., Hudgins, D. M., Kessler, M., Lim, T., & Sandford, S. A. (1996). SWS Observation of IR Emission Features Towards Compact HII Regions. Astron. Astrophys. 315, L289-L292.
Bernstein, M. P., Sandford, S. A., & Allamandola, L. J. (1996). Hydrogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Hn-PAHs) and the 2940 and 2850 Wavenumber (3.40 and 3.51 Micron) Infrared Emission Features. Astrophys. J. 472, L127-L130.
Bernstein, M. P., Allamandola, L. J., Sandford, S. A., & Chang, S. (1996). The Photo Production of Organic Molecules in Cometary and Interstellar Ice Analogs. In Circumstellar Habitable Zones, ed. L. R. Doyle, (Travis House Publ.: Menlo Park, CA), pp. 305-316.
Sandford, S. A. (1996). The Inventory of Interstellar Materials Available for the Formation of the Solar System. Meteoritics and Planetary Science 31, 449-476.
Sandford, S. A. (1996). The Composition of Interstellar Grains and Ices. In Polarimetry of the Interstellar Medium, eds. W. Roberge & D. C. B. Whittet, (Astron. Soc. Pac. Conf. Series, Vol. 97: San Francisco), pp. 29-47.
Bernstein, M. P., Sandford, S. A., Allamandola, L. J., Chang, S., & Scharberg, M. A. (1995). Organic Compounds Produced by Photolysis of Realistic Interstellar and Cometary Ice Analogs Containing Methanol. Astrophys. J. 454, 327-344.
Schutte, W. A., Allamandola, L. J., & Sandford, S. A. (1995). Very Low Temperature Formaldehyde Reactions and the Build-up of Organic Molecules in Comets and Interstellar Ices. Advances in Space Research 15(#3), (3)401-(3)406.
Allamandola, L. J., Sandford, S. A., Hudgins, D. M., & Witteborn, F. C. (1995). Airborne and Laboratory Studies of Interstellar PAHs. In Airborne Astronomy Symposium on the Galactic Ecosystem: From Gas to Stars to Dust, eds. M.R. Haas, J.A. Davidson, and E.F. Erickson, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 73, pp. 23-32.
Salama, F., Allamandola, L. J., Sandford, S. A., Bregman, J. D., Witteborn, F. C., & Cruikshank, D. P. (1995). The Detection of a New Strong Band Near 3590 cm-1 (2.79 µm) in the Spectrum of Io. In Airborne Astronomy Symposium on the Galactic Ecosystem: From Gas to Stars to Dust, eds. M.R. Haas, J.A. Davidson, & E.F. Erickson, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Vol. 73, pp. 337-340.
Sandford, S. A., Pendleton, Y. J., & Allamandola, L. J. (1995). The Galactic Distribution of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium. Astrophys. J. 440, 697-705.
Pendleton, Y. J., Sandford, S. A., Allamandola, L. J., Tielens, A. G. G. M., & Sellgren, K. (1994). Near Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy of Interstellar Hydrocarbon Grains. Astrophys. J. 437, 683-696.
Bernstein, M. P., Sandford, S. A., Allamandola, L. J., & Chang, S. (1994). Infrared Spectrum of Matrix-Isolated Hexamethylenetetramine in Ar and H2O at Cryogenic Temperatures. J. Phys. Chem. 98, 12206-12210.
Bohn, R. B., Sandford, S. A., Allamandola, L. J., & Cruikshank, D. P. (1994). Infrared Spectroscopy of Triton and Pluto Ice Analogs: The Case for Saturated Hydrocarbons. Icarus 111, 151-173.
Sandford, S. A., Geballe, T. R., Salama, F., & Goorvitch, D. (1994). New Narrow Infrared Absorption Features in the Spectrum of Io Between 3600 and 3100 cm-1 (2.8-3.2 µm). Icarus 110, 292-302.
Hudgins, D. M., Sandford, S. A., & Allamandola, L. J. (1994). Infrared Spectroscopy of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations I: Matrix-Isolated Naphthalene and Perdeuterated Naphthalene. J. Phys. Chem. 98, 4243-4253.
Salama, F., Allamandola, L. J., Sandford, S. A., Bregman, J. D., Witteborn, F. C., & Cruikshank, D. P. (1994). Is H2O Present on Io? The Detection of a New Strong Band Near 3590 cm-1 (2.79 µm). Icarus 107, 413-417.
Gehrz, R. D., Woodward, C. E., Greenhouse, M.A., Starrfield, S., Wooden, D. H., Witteborn, F. C., Sandford, S. A., Allamandola, L. J., Bregman, J. D., & Klapisch, M. (1994). The Temporal Evolution of the 4-14 Micron Spectrum of V1974 Cygni (Nova Cygni 1992). Astrophys. J. 421, 762-770.
Hudgins, D. M., Sandford, S. A., Allamandola, L. J., & Tielens, A. G. G. M. (1994). Mid- and Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Ices: Optical Constants and Integrated Absorbances. The AAS CD-ROM Series, Volume 1, (expanded version of the tables in Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 86, 713-870).
Sandford, S. A., & Allamandola, L. J. (1993). The Condensation and Vaporization Behavior of Ices Containing SO2, H2S, and CO2: Implications for Io. Icarus 106, 478-488.
Sandford, S. A., & Allamandola, L. J. (1993). Condensation and Vaporization Studies of CH3OH and NH3 Ices: Major Implications for Astrochemistry. Astrophys. J. 417, 815-825.
Sandford, S. A., Allamandola, L. J., & Geballe, T. R. (1993). Spectroscopic Detection of Molecular Hydrogen Frozen in Interstellar Ices. Science262, 400-402.
Sandford, S. A. (1993). The Mid-Infrared Transmission Spectra of Antarctic Ureilites. Meteoritics 28, 579-585.
Schutte, W. A., Allamandola, L. J., & Sandford, S. A. (1993). Organic Molecule Production in Cometary Nuclei and Interstellar Ices by Thermal Formaldehyde Reactions. Icarus 104, 118-137.
Bregman, J., Rank, D., Sandford, S. A., & Temi, P. (1993). Spectral Imaging of the 3.3 and 11.3 µm Emission Bands in NGC 1333: Discovery of Spatially Separate Band Emissions. Astrophys. J. 410, 668-672.
Tegler, S. C., Weintraub, D. A., Allamandola, L. J., Sandford, S. A., Rettig, T. W., & Campins, H. (1993). Detection of the 2165 cm-1 (4.619 µm) XCN Band in the Spectrum of L1551 IRS 5. Astrophys. J.411, 260-265.
Sandford, S. A. (1993). Interstellar Ices, Their Processing, and Their Relationship to Refractory Dust. In Astronomical Infrared Spectroscopy: Future Observational Directions, Astron. Soc. of the Pacific Conf. Series, Vol. 41, ed., S. Kwok, (Astron. Soc. Pacific: San Francisco), pp. 181-188.
Hudgins, D. M., Sandford, S. A., Allamandola, L. J., & Tielens, A. G. G. M. (1993). Mid- and Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Ices: Optical Constants and Integrated Absorbances. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 86, 713-870.
Sandford, S. A., & Allamandola, L. J. (1993). H2 in Interstellar and Extragalactic Ices: Infrared Characteristics, UV Production, and Implications. Astrophys. J. (Letters) 409, L65-L68.
Allamandola, L. J., Sandford, S. A., Tielens, A. G. G. M., & Herbst, T. M. (1993). "Diamonds" in Dense Molecular Clouds: A Challenge to the Standard Interstellar Paradigm. Science 260, 64-66.
Schutte, W. A., Allamandola, L. J., & Sandford, S. A. (1993). Formaldehyde and Organic Molecule Production in Astrophysical Ices at Cryogenic Temperatures. Science 259, 1143-1145.
Brownlee, D. E., & Sandford, S. A. (1992). Cosmic dust. In Exobiology in Solar System Exploration, Report on the Symposium held in Sunnyvale, CA, August 24-26, 1988, eds. G.C. Carle, D.E. Schwartz, & J.L. Huntington, NASA SP-512, pp. 145-157.
Allamandola, L. J., Sandford, S. A., Tielens, A. G. G. M., & Herbst, T. M. (1992). Spectroscopy of Dense Clouds in the C-H Stretching Region: Methanol and "Diamonds". Astrophys. J. 399, 134-146.
Sandford, S. A. (1992). A Report on the 1984-1985 ANSMET Field Season. In Field and Laboratory Investigations of Antarctic Meteorites Collected by United States Expeditions, 1985-1987, eds., U.B. Marvin & G.J. MacPherson, Smithsonian Contributions #30, pp. 5-9.
Schutte, W. A., Allamandola, L. J., & Sandford, S. A. (1992). Laboratory Simulation of the Photoprocessing and Warm-up of Cometary and Pre-cometary Ices - Production and Analysis of Complex Organic Molecules. Advances in Space Research 12(#4), (4)47-(4)51.
Sandford, S. A. (1991). Constraints on the Parent Bodies of Collected Interplanetary Dust Particles. In Origin and Evolution of Interplanetary Dust, (A.C. Levasseur-Regourd & H. Hasegawa, eds.), Proceedings of IAU Colloquium No. 126, Kyoto, Japan, (Kluwer Academic: Japan), pp. 397-404.
Schutte, W. A., Tielens, A. G. G. M., & Sandford, S. A. (1991). 10 µm Spectra of Protostars and the Solid Methanol Abundance. Astrophys. J. 382, 523-529.
Blake, D., Allamandola, L., Sandford, S., Hudgins, D., & Freund, F. (1991). Clathrate Hydrate Formation in Amorphous Cometary Ice Analogs in Vacuo. Science 254, 548-551.
Tielens, A. G. G. M., Allamandola, L. J., & Sandford, S. A. (1991). Laboratory, Observational, and Theoretical Studies of Interstellar Ices. In Solid-State Astrophysics, (E. Bussoletti & G. Strazzula, eds.), Enrico Fermi International School of Physics, Course CXI on Solid State Astrophysics, Varenna, Italy, 27 June - 7 July, 1989, (N. Holland Pub. Co.: Amsterdam), pp.29-58.
Sandford, S. A. (1991). The Spectrum of NGC 7027 from 3080 to 2630 cm-1 (3.25-3.80 µm): Detection of New Atomic and Molecular Hydrogen Lines and New Constraints on the Chemical Sidegroups on PAHs. Astrophys. J.376, 599-607.
Sandford, S. A., Allamandola, L. J., Tielens, A. G. G. M., Sellgren, K., Tapia, M., & Pendleton, Y. (1991). The Interstellar C-H Stretching Band near 3.4 µm: Constraints on the Composition of Organic Material in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium. Astrophys. J. 371, 607-620.
Sandford, S. A., Salama, F., Allamandola, L. J., Trafton, L. M., Lester, D. F., & Ramseyer, T. F. (1991). Laboratory Studies of the Newly Discovered Infrared Band at 4705.2 cm-1 (2.1253 µm) in the Spectrum of Io: The Tentative Identification of CO2. Icarus 91, 125-144.
Trafton, L. M., Lester, D. F., Ramseyer, T. F., Sandford, S. A., Salama, F., & Allamandola, L. J. (1991). A New Class of Absorption Feature in Io's Near-Infrared Spectrum. Icarus 89, 264-276.
Salama, F., Allamandola, L. J., Witteborn, F. C., Cruikshank, D. P., Sandford, S. A., & Bregman, J. D. (1990). The 2.5-5.0 µm Spectra of Io: Evidence for H2S and H2O Frozen in SO2. In Proceedings of the 24th ESLAB Symposium on the Formation of Stars and Planets, and the Evolution of the Solar System, Friedrichshafen, 17-19 Sept. 1990, ESA SP-315, pp. 203-208.
Buss Jr., R. H., Cohen, M., Tielens, A. G. G. M., Werner, M. W., Bregman, J. D., Witteborn, F. C., Rank, D., & Sandford, S. A. (1990). Hydrocarbon Emission Features in the IR Spectra of Warm Supergiants. Astrophys. J. 365, L23-L26.
Sandford, S. A., & Allamandola, L. J. (1990). The Volume and Surface Binding Energies of Ice Systems Containing CO, CO2, and H2O. Icarus87, 188-192.
Sandford, S. A., & Allamandola, L. J. (1990). The Physical and Infrared Spectral Properties of CO2 in Astrophysical Ice Analogs. Astrophys. J. 355, 357-372.
Salama, F., Allamandola, L. J., Witteborn, F. C., Cruikshank, D. P., Sandford, S. A., & Bregman, J. D. (1990). The 2.5-5.0 µm spectra of Io: Evidence for H2S and H2O frozen in SO2. Icarus 83, 66-82.
Sandford, S. A., & Bradley, J. P. (1989). Interplanetary Dust Particles Collected in the Stratosphere: Observations of Atmospheric Heating and Constraints on their Inter-relationships and Sources. Icarus 82, 146-166.
Allamandola, L. J., Bregman, J. D., Sandford, S. A., Tielens, A. G. G. M., Witteborn, F. C., Wooden, D. H., & Rank, D. (1989). The Discovery of a New Infrared Emission Feature at 1905 Wavenumbers (5.25 Microns) in the Spectrum of BD +30°3639 and its Relation to the Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Model. Astrophys. J. 345, L59-L62.
Sandford, S. A. (1989). Interstellar Dust in Collected Interplanetary Dust Particles. In Interstellar Dust, IAU Symposium #135, (L. J. Allamandola & A. G. G. M. Tielens, eds.), Kluwer: Dordrecht, 403-413.
Witteborn, F. C., Sandford, S. A., Bregman, J. D., Allamandola, L. J., Cohen, M., & Wooden, D. (1989). New Emission Features in the 11-13 µm Region and Their Relationship to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Astrophys. J. 341, 270-277.
Krishna Swamy, K. S., Sandford, S. A., Allamandola, L. J., Witteborn, F. C., & Bregman, J. D. (1989). Infrared emission from comets. Astrophys. J. 340, 537-549.
Allamandola, L. J., Sandford, S. A., & Valero, G. (1988). Photochemical and thermal evolution of interstellar/pre-cometary ice analogs. Icarus76, 225-252.
Sandford, S. A., & Allamandola, L. J. (1988). The condensation and vaporization behavior of H2O:CO ices and implications for interstellar grains and cometary behavior. Icarus 76, 201-224.
Bradley, J. P., Sandford, S. A., & Walker, R. M. (1988). Interplanetary dust particles. In Meteorites and the Early Solar System (Ch. 11), (J. Kerridge, ed.), Univ. Arizona Press: Tucson, 861-895.
Sandford, S. A. (1988). The spectral properties of collected interplanetary dust particles. In Dust in the Universe, (M.E. Bailey & D.A. Williams, eds.), Cambridge Univ. Press: Cambridge, pp. 193-198.
Allamandola, L. J., & Sandford, S. A. (1988). Laboratory simulation of dust spectra. In Dust in the Universe, (M.E. Bailey & D.A. Williams, eds.), Cambridge Univ. Press: Cambridge, pp. 229-263.
Krishna Swamy, K. S., Sandford, S. A., Allamandola, L. J., Witteborn, F. C., & Bregman, J. D. (1988). A multicomponent model of the infrared emission from Comet Halley. Icarus 75, 351-370.
Bally, J., Boss, A., Papanastassiou, D., Sandford, S., & Sargent, A. (1988). Star formation and the solar system. In Galactic and Extragalactic Star Formation, (eds. R.E. Pudritz & M. Fich), Kluwer Acad. Pub.: Dordrecht, NATO ASI Series C, Vol. 232, pp. 311-327.
Sandford, S. A., Allamandola, L. J., Tielens, A. G. G. M., & Valero, G. (1988). Laboratory studies of the infrared spectral properties of CO in astrophysical ices. Astrophys. J. 329, 498-510.
Allamandola, L. J., Sandford, S. A., & Wopenka, B. (1987). Interstellar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbon in interplanetary dust particles and meteorites. Science 237, 56-59.
Sandford, S. A. (1987). The collection and analysis of extraterrestrial dust particles. Fundamentals of Cosmic Physics 12, 1-73.
Sandford, S. A. (1986). Solar flare track densities in interplanetary dust particles: The determination of an asteroidal versus cometary source of the zodiacal dust cloud. Icarus 68, 377-394.
Sandford, S. A. (1986). Acid dissolution experiments: Carbonates and the 6.8 micron bands in interplanetary dust particles. Science 231, 1540-1541.
Sandford, S. A., & Walker, R. M. (1985). Laboratory infrared transmission spectra of individual interplanetary dust particles from 2.5 to 25 microns. Astrophys. J. 291, 838-851.
Fahey, A., McKeegan, K. D., Sandford, S. A., Walker, R. M., Wopenka, B., & Zinner, E. (1985). Complementary laboratory measurements of individual interplanetary dust particles. In Properties and Interactions of Interplanetary Dust, (R.H. Giese & P. Lamy, eds), D. Reidel Pub. Co., 149-155.
Sandford, S. A. (1984). Infrared transmission spectra from 2.5 to 25 microns of various meteorite classes. Icarus 60, 115-126.
Fraundorf, P., McKeegan, K. D., Sandford, S. A., Swan, P., & Walker, R. M. (1982). An inventory of particles from stratospheric collectors: Extraterrestrial and otherwise. J. Geophys. Res. 87, A403-A408.
Hanson, K. M., Bradbury, J. N., Koeppe, R. A., Macek, R. J., Machen, D. R., Morgado, R., Paciotti, M. A., Sandford, S. A., & Steward, V. W. (1982). Proton computed tomography of human specimens. Phys. Med. Biol. 27, no. 1, 25-36.
Paciotti, M., Bradbury, J., Inoue, H., Rivera, O., & Sandford, S. (1981). Beam characteristics in the LAMPF biomedical channel. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. (USA), Vol. ns-28, no. 3, pt. b, 3150-3152.
Paciotti, M., Amols, H., Bradbury, J., Rivera, O., Hogstrom, K., Smith, A., Inoue, H., Laubacher, D., & Sandford, S. (1979). Pion beam development for the LAMPF biomedical project. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. (USA), Vol. ns-26, no. 3, pt. a, 3071-3073.
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